In
2001, in that small interim in time between the death of my father in late
August and the collapse of the World Trade Towers on September 11th,
my wife Roberta and I enjoyed a long conversation with Philip Lamantia at his
apartment in San Francisco’s North Beach area. We talked a lot about Edgar
Allan Poe. Philip and I were both fascinated by the dual phenomena of
hypnopompic and hypnogogic consciousness, the twilight state of consciousness
that occurs just before falling asleep and just as one is coming awake. Of the
two, I’ve always had a strong preference for the later. For it is upon that
emergence from unconsciousness that my mind is still easy and fluid and not yet
caged in logic. Wonderful lines of poetry float through my mind, often strung
together in a funny, pixilated syntax, marvelous and strange. I can never
remember these wonderful lines, but am always trying to duplicate them,
resorting to poetry to coax them into being. Not just any poetry, but the poetry
of the weird and aberrant, the visionary and phantasmagoric, the kind of poetry
Philip wrote, a work at once exotic and otherworldly and yet fiercely engaged
with the world. Not flighty, but tough and marvelous.
The
Poe essay Philip was eager to share with us is titled “Marginalia,” which first
appeared in Graham’s Magazine, March, 1846. There are two paragraphs in
particular that I would like to share with you:
How very commonly we
hear it remarked, that such and such thoughts are beyond the compass of words!
I do not believe that any thought, properly so called, is out of the reach of
language. I fancy, rather, that where difficulty in expression is experienced,
there is, in the intellect which experiences it, a want either of
deliberateness or of method. For my own part, I have never had a thought which
I could not set down in words, with even more distinctness than that with which
I conceived it: as I have before
observed, the thought is logicalized by the effort at (written) expression.
There is,
however, a class of fancies, of exquisite delicacy, which are not
thoughts, and to which, as yet, I have found it absolutely impossible to
adapt language. I use the word fancies at random, and merely because I
must use some word; but the idea commonly attached to the term is not
even remotely applicable to the shadows of shadows in question. They seem to me
rather psychal than intellectual. They arise in the soul (alas, how rarely!)
only at its epochs of most intense tranquillity — when the bodily and mental
health are in perfection — and at those mere points of time where the confines
of the waking world blend with those of the world of dreams. I am aware of
these “fancies” only when I am upon the very brink of sleep, with the
consciousness that I am so. I have satisfied myself that this condition exists
but for an inappreciable point of time — yet it is crowded with these
“shadows of shadows;” and for absolute thought there is demanded time’s endurance.
This
link to Edgar Allan Poe is significant for a variety of reasons, but I would
put at the forefront the deep connection to France Poe enjoyed due to the zeal
and translations of Charles Baudelaire. It is this self-same taste for the
marvelous and strange, for perversity and eccentricities of all shape and
color, that a few decades later would help feed the incandescent marvels and
phantasmagoria that is French surrealism. And of all American poets, Philip Lamantia
is certainly its most manifest example.
Lamantia’s
connection with French surrealism began in the early 1940s at a Dali
retrospective at the San Francisco Museum of Art when Philip was in his early
teens. Lamantia describes his odyssey into surrealism in an interview with
David Meltzer in San Francisco Beat (2001), in which he shares the following
details:
I was turned on to Surrealism through a great Dali
retrospective at the San Francisco Museum of Art (now SFMOMA), followed by an
equally marvelous exhibition of Miró. Within weeks I had read everything
available on Surrealism that I could get from the public library. There wasn't
much: David Gascoyne, the premier British Surrealist poet-whose Short Survey
of Surrealism was superb-Julien Levy's Surrealism, Georges
Lamaître's From Cubism to Surrealism in French Literature(he was
teaching at Stanford), and finally, the discovery of the luxurious New York
Surrealist review, VVV-two issues edited by Breton and friends-which I
found in the tiny but ample no-loan library at the museum. In almost no time I
had a dozen poems ready for publication and sent some to View: A Magazine of
the Arts, which was edited, in New York, by the only important American
poet who was plausibly Surrealist, Charles Henri Ford. In Spring 1943 my poems
were featured on one of View's large-format pages. On the cover was a
photograph by Man Ray . . . It was just after this that I discovered VVV's
whereabouts and sent other poems there to André Breton. He wrote, accepting
three poems and requesting a letter from me "clarifying" my relation
to Surrealism. Acceptance by the man I fervently believed the most important
poet and mind of the century led to my decision to quit school and take off for
New York. I arrived in April 1944 in Manhattan . . . (135)
Poetry for Philip was far more than
artistry. It was alchemical. It was spiritual. It provided what André Breton
termed “communicating vessels,” a means to transmute the leaden,
soul-suffocating repressions and routines of everyday life into the thrill of
the marvelous, the soul-fulfilling wine of the sublime.
In science, communicating vessels
refers to a set of vessels of varying shape and size in which a homogeneous
fluid will balance out to the same level. In André Breton’s application,
communicating vessels refers to the correspondence between our walking life and
the realm of dreams. Breton’s view was heavily influenced by Freud. He believed
that the desires that are unable to be acted upon or fulfilled during our
waking life may be enacted and satisfied in our dreams. I rarely remember my
dreams, nor do I take much interest in them, but I very much like the general
metaphor of two polarities connected by a transporting medium. According to
this view, our waking life, which I take to be associated with humdrum necessity
and the tedium of labor (albeit I find this to be a very narrow outlook), is
visited by the shadows and chimeras of our unconscious and excite our minds to
boundless wandering, what Breton called the “undirected play of thought.” It’s
the side of our natures that keep us from becoming automatons, zombies going
through all the motions of life without actually living. It’s the combination
of dream and reality that results in a heightened awareness which Breton called
“surreality.”
Philip remarks later in his
interview with David Meltzer that “Poetry is the mean term between the physical
basis for imagery and the metaphysical realm of being. This is what connects
the affective to the cerebral, the heart to the sensual, and the mental
vehicles of reception to the visible and invisible realms of being.”
What drew the three of us so
powerfully to the eloquence of Poe’s essay in Philip’s North Beach apartment
that summer afternoon in 2001 was Poe’s description of an intermediary state
between the poles of conscious and unconscious life, a state in which poetry
would emerge with the naturalness of breathing. Problems arise, however, when
we attempt to employ a medium that is based almost entirely on rules, on a
mutually recognized system that - while not always completely logical - is not unlike the cogs and gears of a
machine. Paint is gooey and smears; dance is physical, the play of our bodies
in gravity and space; music is unbound by reference to the real world; theatre
is masks and illusion; sculpture is rock and clay in three dimensional form,
but still and lifeless. Poetry is a panther pacing back and forth in a cage.
“Isn’t this what all poets have
aspired to,” Philip remarked in his interview with David Meltzer, “seemingly
failing in the attempt but finally achieving a miracle in words.”
Indeed. Listen to it. Immerse your
ears in it. Immerse your eyes in it. Bathe your neurons in it. Feel your blood
warm with its pulse. Winter birches sway in invisible agitations of air. Words
quicken into colloidal living substance. Ink sags with the imagery of passage. Vermilion
camaraderies unfold fists of sandstone abstraction. The mind secures a place in
heaven. And down it rains in sparkling subtleties of primal warmth.
Remember geometry class? Remember
carrying a sharp metal object called a compass? If not, there’s a marvelous
painting of one by William Blake called “The Ancient of Days setting a Compass
to the Earth,” rendered in 1794. God is hunched over, long blonde hair and
beard blowing to the side, leaning out of the sun holding a compass with a
huge, muscular arm. The arm, which parallels his massive, powerful leg, guides
the compass with ferocious firmness and precision. The meaning of the painting
is blunt: science controls. Technology holds existence in balance. Watch out
that it doesn’t get too disproportionately ascendant.
The twilight states between sleeping
and waking, or descending into sleep from a state of wakefulness, will have a
peculiar effect on the instruments of geometry and science. Imagine Dali’s
melting watches, or the jubilant chaos that is Max Ernst’s “L’Ange du Foyer,”
(“The Angel of the Home”) and you’ll have an approximation of the enlightening
distortions and odd lucidities of unbridled reverie.
Poe was confident that language
could be reconfigured and formulated to accommodate these chimeras, that its
inherent malleability and charms were sufficient to induce a trance-like frame
of mind in which marvels and oddities could be brought to life, envisioned,
embodied, ushered onto a sheet of paper. “Now, so
entire is my faith in the power of words,” he proclaims, “that, at
times, I have believed it possible to embody even the evanescence of fancies
such as I have attempted to describe.”
I
agree. But first it’s necessary to come to terms with the mechanisms that make
language work.
Language
is bound by rules. Break the rules, and you cease to make sense. Sense, that
is, in the conventional sense. It’s in the nature of the mind to find meaning
whenever and wherever it can. A lack of conventionality can excite a remarkable
inventiveness, provided that one’s sensibilities are in any way receptive to
new experience.
When
grammar is torqued and twisted, the words assume a character that is both
strange and palpable. Palpable because they’ve ceased being the conveyors of
information and occupying a utilitarian function that is virtually invisible
and transparent. They’ve become something else: they’ve become objects,
startling and strange. What the Russians call ostrenenie: defamiliarization,
the artistic technique of presenting common, everyday things in a way that makes
them unfamiliar or strange, thereby enhancing the perception of the familiar.
How
cool is that?
Earlier
in his essay, Poe remarked quite optimistically that “I do not believe that any
thought, properly so called, is out of the reach of language.”
For
those of us who might be a little wary to resort to drugs or enter a hypnotic
state each time we felt the urge to write, this is good news.
That
said, I don’t mean to dismiss drugs altogether. I have memories. I’ve heard
stories. I’ve read books. Aldous Huxley’s The
Doors of Perception, Charles Baudelaire’s Artificial Paradises, Michael McClure’s Meat Science Essays, Henri Michaux’s The Major Ordeals of the Mind, and Some Minor Ones.” Drugs are, in
their own way, illuminating. When drugs meet language, the result can be as
energizing as the Beatles or Little Richard playing rock ‘n roll in Hamburg’s
red light district circa 1962. Wop bop a loo bop a lop bam boom! There’s
nothing like a Benzedrine buzz to thwack thwack thwack clickety click click
click begin slapping words down in a state of exhilarated immediacy so that
life and writing fuse into a bubbling mass of bop spontaneity. Normal syntax,
the glue of the ordinary, the mortar of stiff collared Atlantic Monthly
rhetoric, the stuff that makes sense, the syntax of ordinary mass and
transparent point-making prose, starts doing back-flips and handstands and
explodes into protoplasmic bliss. This is language with a pulse.
But
that’s Benzedrine. What Poe is talking about bears a much stronger resemblance
to opium. I’ve never had opium, just the occasional prescription for codeine or
Vicodin, so I can’t speak with any real authority on how these medications
influence writing. I know that these pharmaceuticals make me a lot more relaxed
and patient and forgiving toward people and the thousand accidents and
fucked-upedness of life as it is being lived and shins bumped against the
coffee table and parking tickets discovered under the windshield wiper and rude
bookstore employees and assholes walking unleashed dogs make you feel small and
anxious. Those negative thoughts and feelings might still be there but you’re
nicely distanced from them, looking down from a hot air balloon, making
observations of cool indifference from an ivory throne of the mind. The mind as
it is buoyed by codeine. The mind as it is softly lifted into the heavens by
Sister Morphine.
And
then there’s booze; booze worked pretty well for Charles Bukowski. Kerouac
combined booze with benzies and the result was On the Road. Rollicking, vivid, incandescent prose. The kind of
writing that makes you fall in love with words and go crazy with a wild lust to
experience the world.
Booze
never really worked for me. A couple of beers, a shot of whiskey and a mug of
Guinness would have me feeling pretty good for maybe an hour, at most, but I
rarely, if ever, felt the inclination to write, and it was never very long
before I was shitfaced drunk and slurring my words much less writing anything I
would want to claim as my own. The opioids don’t compromise the intellect as
devastatingly as alcohol. Not for me, anyway. Reaction to drugs of any kind
tends to vary wildly. Me, I’m an opiate guy. Never liked cocaine much. Loved
amphetamines, but coming down was excruciating, worse than a hangover from an
alcoholic binge.
As
for the more exotic drugs, psychedelics and such, I would enter that realm with
extreme caution. It has been many decades since I entered the portals of space
and time through those doors, but I can state unequivocally that they’re not
things to trifle with. I haven’t been tempted to try again. My relationship
with reality isn’t what it used to be. Reality itself isn’t what it used to be.
This
is what makes Poe’s confidence in language so endearing to those of us who
crave a heightened awareness or more buoyant mood. Just the immersion in words
alone is a journey of disembodied poetics, a wild ride through that vertiginous
zone we call infinite possibility. I feel like one of those Wild West medicine
show guys when I start preaching like this, but you really don’t need codeine
or opium or even pot to write the kind of language that stirs and rustles in
Lethean enchantment. You just need to figure out a way to do it. Because if
you’re in an ordinary state of mind that in any way resembles my ordinary state
of mind, you’re fucked. Most of the time I’m in a shitty mood. Angst,
mortality, climate change, mass extinction, benign prostatic hyperplasia,
envies, jealousies, betrayals, rejections, racism, bigotry,
anti-intellectualism, a teetering economy and a flatulent fascistic oligarchy
are as common to my daily existence as Wisconsin is to cheese or sewage from a
poorly maintained septic tank. I call on the ghosts of Edgar Allan Poe and Walt
Whitman and Emily Dickinson to help me out with this.
I
don’t know how they did what they did but I’m pretty sure Emily Dickinson
didn’t go out back and smoke a doobie before returning to the kitchen or linen
closet to finish her domestic chores. And yet she wrote marvelously, turned
language into a distillery for metaphysical insights and a general euphoric
buzz.
So
then, what is it? What technique do you employ to get the words out there
blinking like Christmas tree lights?
I
use a number of tricks, including Burrough’s cut-up technique, Tristan Tzara’s
cutting out words and putting them in a bag and taking them out one by one,
Joycean stream of consciousness, Kerouac’s bop spontaneity, or just sitting
down and writing, just doing it, just putting pen to paper, fingers on a
keyboard, and begin, word after word, until a sequence forms, any sequence, it
doesn’t have to make sense, in fact it’s just the opposite, I don’t especially
want it to make sense, I want it to make mayhem, I want chaos, I want a storm,
I want to stand high on a cliff like Prospero and make the seas toss. Do that,
and consciousness will follow. What consciousness I cannot say, but
consciousness, awareness, an altered perception, call it what you want.